Environmental corporate social responsibility practices and firm innovation: Complementarities and empirical evidence from Spanish firms.

This study examines the complementarity effect of combining different types of environmental corporate social responsibility (ECSR) practices on firm innovation. We apply the complementarity approach to test whether the adoption of different ECSR practices (i.e. practices for fewer materials per unit produced [materials], less energy per unit produced [energy], or decreasing environmental impact [impact]) generates super-additive effects on firms' innovation, measured by innovations type: adoption, new-to-the-market, and new-to-the-firm innovation. We use data from the Spanish Community Innovation Survey for the period 2009-2014. The results show that the best combination of ECSR practices depends on the innovation type. For innovation adoption, all possible combinations of the three practices produce super-additive effects; however, the complementarity patterns differ for new-to-the-market and new-to-the-firm innovations. For new-to-the-market innovation, energy practices appear to be a key factor in fostering innovation when combined with materials or impact practices. For new-to-the-firm innovation, the combination of these three ECSR practices shows complementarity effects. These findings provide useful insights for the design of corporate social responsibility strategies.

Institutional violence from police militarization and drug cartel wars as a 'Big Event' and its influence on drug use harms and HIV risk in people who inject drugs on the U.S.-Mexico border.

BACKGROUND: Globally, the US-Mexico Border is one of the largest drug trafficking regions, with Ciudad Juarez (CJ) and El Paso (EP) making up the second-largest border crossing in the world. Border communities are places where the risk of drug use harm and infectious diseases such as HIV are augmented due to the confluence of factors operating across the physical, social, economic and policy environment. Although the two cities are economically, culturally, and socially intertwined, each has distinct criminal justice systems and policy practices aimed at curtailing substance use. Between 2008 and 2011, the CJ/EP region experienced an unprecedented level of violence that stemmed from the intersection of police militarization and drug cartel wars, which profoundly shaped every aspect of life. Little research has documented the impact of drug cartel wars on the drug use and health harms of people who inject drugs (PWID) living in CJ and EP. The purpose of the study is to understand the effect that the drug cartel war had on the drug use harms and HIV risk of PWID. METHODS: We conducted 40 in-depth interviews with people who inject drugs who resided in CJ or EP and had used heroin or crack cocaine in the last 30 days, and asked how police militarization and drug cartel war affected their daily lives. The risk environment framework informed the analysis and interpretation of findings. RESULTS: Findings indicated that the risk environment was profoundly altered as PWID residing in CJ experienced profound changes in their daily lives that promoted engagement in behaviors that increased drug use and health harms including HIV risk, exacerbated trauma, and prevented use of substance use treatment and harm reduction services. The risk environment was also altered in EP, where PWID experienced drug supply shortages, violent policing practices, and reduced availability of harm reduction services. Findings underscore the permeability of risk environments across geographical borders. CONCLUSION: The intersection of law enforcement militarization and drug cartel wars can be conceptualized as a 'big event' because it disrupts the drug market economy, leads to drug shortages, promotes entrance into the drug market economy by people who use drugs, reshapes drug use sites, and constrains the provision of harm reduction services. The stability of the harm reduction system in CJ was negatively impacted and limited the ability of individuals to reduce harm. Our findings show that drug cartel wars render the CJ/EP region extremely susceptible to drug use and health harms, while also creating vulnerability by severely restricting its ability to respond. Traditional recommendations to intervene to limit the impact of risk environments on the drug use harms of PWID need to be reconsidered in the context of drug cartel wars.

Social and environmental determinants influencing injection drug use and HIV risk among two sister cities on the US-Mexico border: a comparative cross-sectional study, 2016-2018.

The economic, social, cultural and political milieus that influence injection drug-related HIV risk behaviors along the US-Mexico border in the previous decade have been studied comparing cities on an East-West axis. In an effort to inform interventions targeting factors beyond the individual level, we used a cross-sectional study design comparing people who inject drugs during 2016-2018, living on a North-South axis, in two cities-Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico and El Paso, Texas, USA-situated at the midpoint of the 2000 US-Mexico borderland stretch. We conceptualize injection drug use and its antecedents and consequences as influenced by factors operating at various levels of influence. Results of analysis comparing samples recruited from each border city indicated significant differences in demographic, socioeconomic, micro- and macro-level factors that affect risk. Similarities emerged in individual-level risk behaviors and some dynamics of risk at the drug use site most frequented to use drugs. In addition, analyses testing associations across samples indicated that different contextual factors such as characteristics of the drug use sites influenced syringe sharing. In this article, we reflect on the potential tailored interventions needed to target the context of HIV transmission risk among people who use drugs and reside in binational environment.

(In)Equality and Beyond: Achieving Justice in Gender-Affirming Hormone Initiation.

ABSTRACT: The World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) is an international organization that aims to advocate for transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) people by promoting safe and effective ways to access and deliver healthcare to maximize psychological health and well-being. One way this is achieved is through the WPATH's published Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and Gender Nonconforming People, a set of guidelines for gender-affirming care that is based on the available science and expert consensus. In anticipation of the release of updated guidelines (Standards of Care Version 8) in 2022 the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University hosted an Exploratory Seminar in December 2021 that brought together experts from the United States, Mexico, and the United Kingdom to share knowledge across disciplines in order to propose revisions to the WPATH's updated guidelines. This article shares the workgroup's high-level consensus and recommendations.

Methamphetamine Use and Sexual Risk Behaviors among Men Who Have Sex With Men in a Mexico-US Border City.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Methamphetamine (meth) use and its related risk behaviors for HIV among men who have sex with men (MSM) are a public health concern across the Mexico-US border. This study aims to contribute to the limited literature of meth use and sexual risk behaviors among Latino MSM on the Mexico-US border. METHODS: Data were drawn from the Meth Pilot Study (2014-2015) among men who use meth (n = 100). Descriptive statistics and bivariate analysis comparing MSM to non-MSM were conducted using Pearson's χ2 test, Fisher's exact tests, and Mann-Whitney U test; all tests were conducted using SPSS v.25. RESULTS: Most participants obtained meth in El Paso, Texas (87.2%), used meth orally (65.2%) or smoked (78.3%), and the most common reason for initiation was curiosity. Significant differences (P < .05) in meth use behaviors and sexual risk behaviors between MSM and non-MSM who used meth included: median number of sex partners (7 vs 3), being penetrated anally by last sexual partner (31.6% vs 1.4%), and engaging in transactional sex ever (63.2% vs 9.6%) and past 12 months (52.6% vs 6.8%). Finally, rates of HIV positivity were higher among MSM than non-MSM (10.5% vs 1.4%). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Among men who use meth, MSM are engaging in higher HIV risk behaviors compared with non-MSM. Understanding these risks could help identify candidates for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and evidence-based substance use disorder treatment options. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE: This study reveals that Latino MSM who use meth is a high-risk group for HIV and a need for tailored interventions. (Am J Addict 2020;29:111-119).

Preparing Mexican-Origin Community Health Advocates (Promotores) to Conduct SBIRT for Problem Drinking in the Emergency Room.

Community Health Advocates (CHAs), known as Promotores in Spanish-speaking communities, are an important resource for the mobilization, empowerment, and the delivery of health education messages in Hispanic/Latino communities. This article focuses on understanding cultural, didactic, and logistical aspects of preparing CHAs to become competent to perform a brief intervention and referral to treatment (SBIRT) in the emergency room (ER). The CHAs training emphasizes making connections with Mexican-origin young adults aged 18-30, and capitalizing on a teachable moment to effect change in alcohol consumption and negative outcomes associated with alcohol use. We outline a CHA recruitment, content/methods training, and the analysis of advantages and challenges presented by the delivery of an intervention by CHAs.

Absceso alveolar agudo en pacientes mayores de 19 años. Municipio Unión de Reyes / Acute alveolar abscess in patients elder 19 years old. Municipality Union de Reyes

Introducción: frecuentemente las infecciones de la cavidad bucal son el resultado del deterioro que provoca la caries con exposición de la pulpa dental. Una higiene dental descuidada o inadecuada, y complicaciones asociadas a enfermedades periodontales, son otras de las causas, que pueden incidir en la aparición de procesos infecciosos. Objetivo: caracterizar el comportamiento del absceso alveolar agudo en los pacientes mayores de 19 años en la consulta de urgencia estomatológica del poblado de Alacranes, Municipio Unión de Reyes. Materiales y Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo en pacientes mayores de 19 años, del área de Alacranes municipio Unión de Reyes. El universo de estudio estuvo constituido por los pacientes que acudieron a la consulta de urgencia estomatológica, de enero de 2011 a enero 2012. Con previo consentimiento informado la muestra la constituyó 135 pacientes, con patológica de absceso alveolar agudo, teniendo en cuenta las variables: edad, sexo, etiología y complicaciones. Los datos obtenidos fueron registrados en una base de datos y se procesaron estadísticamente. Resultados: los grupos de 20-29 años y el sexo masculino fueron los más afectados, con 38 % y 54.8 %, respectivamente. La causa fundamental fue la caries dental con un 91.8 %. La celulitis facial resultó la complicación más frecuente. Conclusiones: la etiología más usual del absceso alveolar agudo fue la caries dental. Los pacientes afectados que no recibieron una puntual asistencia sufrieron complicaciones (AU).

Introduction: frequently, oral cavity infections are due to the deterioration caused by caries with dental pulp exposition. An inadequate and careless dental hygiene and complications associated to periodontal diseases are other reasons the may lead to the occurrence of infectious processes. Objective: Characterise the behaviour of the absceso alveolar acute in the greater patients of 19 years in the query of urgency estomatológica of the populated of Alacranes, municipality Union de Reyes. Materials and Methods: a descriptive, observational study was carried out in patients elder 19 years old, in the health area Alacranes, municipality Union de Reyes. The studied universe was formed by the patients assisting to the dentist emergency consultation from January 2011 to January 2012. With previous informed consent, the sample was formed by 135 patients with acute alveolar abscess, taking into account the following variables: age, sex, etiology and complications. The obtained data were recorded in the database and statistically processed. Results: the most affected groups were the 20-29 years-old group and the male sex, with 38 % and 54.8 % respectively. Dental caries was the main cause with 91.8 %. Facial cellulitis was the most frequent complication. Conclusions: dental caries was the most usual etiology of the acute alveolar abscess. The affected patients who did not receive opportune health care suffered complications (AU).

Absceso alveolar agudo en pacientes mayores de 19 años. Municipio Unión de Reyes / Acute alveolar abscess in patients elder 19 years old. Municipality Union de Reyes

Introducción: frecuentemente las infecciones de la cavidad bucal son el resultado del deterioro que provoca la caries con exposición de la pulpa dental. Una higiene dental descuidada o inadecuada, y complicaciones asociadas a enfermedades periodontales, son otras de las causas, que pueden incidir en la aparición de procesos infecciosos. Objetivo: caracterizar el comportamiento del absceso alveolar agudo en los pacientes mayores de 19 años en la consulta de urgencia estomatológica del poblado de Alacranes, Municipio Unión de Reyes. Materiales y Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo en pacientes mayores de 19 años, del área de Alacranes municipio Unión de Reyes. El universo de estudio estuvo constituido por los pacientes que acudieron a la consulta de urgencia estomatológica, de enero de 2011 a enero 2012. Con previo consentimiento informado la muestra la constituyó 135 pacientes, con patológica de absceso alveolar agudo, teniendo en cuenta las variables: edad, sexo, etiología y complicaciones. Los datos obtenidos fueron registrados en una base de datos y se procesaron estadísticamente. Resultados: los grupos de 20-29 años y el sexo masculino fueron los más afectados, con 38 % y 54.8 %, respectivamente. La causa fundamental fue la caries dental con un 91.8 %. La celulitis facial resultó la complicación más frecuente. Conclusiones: la etiología más usual del absceso alveolar agudo fue la caries dental. Los pacientes afectados que no recibieron una puntual asistencia sufrieron complicaciones (AU).

Introduction: frequently, oral cavity infections are due to the deterioration caused by caries with dental pulp exposition. An inadequate and careless dental hygiene and complications associated to periodontal diseases are other reasons the may lead to the occurrence of infectious processes. Objective: Characterise the behaviour of the absceso alveolar acute in the greater patients of 19 years in the query of urgency estomatológica of the populated of Alacranes, municipality Union de Reyes. Materials and Methods: a descriptive, observational study was carried out in patients elder 19 years old, in the health area Alacranes, municipality Union de Reyes. The studied universe was formed by the patients assisting to the dentist emergency consultation from January 2011 to January 2012. With previous informed consent, the sample was formed by 135 patients with acute alveolar abscess, taking into account the following variables: age, sex, etiology and complications. The obtained data were recorded in the database and statistically processed. Results: the most affected groups were the 20-29 years-old group and the male sex, with 38 % and 54.8 % respectively. Dental caries was the main cause with 91.8 %. Facial cellulitis was the most frequent complication. Conclusions: dental caries was the most usual etiology of the acute alveolar abscess. The affected patients who did not receive opportune health care suffered complications (AU).

Influencia de los determinantes sociales en la salud del primer molar permanente / Influence of the social determinants in the first permanent molar health

Introducción: el proceso salud enfermedad depende de múltiples y complejas condiciones y no se rige solamente por las leyes conocidas de las ciencias naturales, sino que abarca también influencias psicológicas, socioeconómicas y ambientales. Estas son consideradas determinantes sociales de salud. Los factores causales que clínicamente producen la caries están bien identificados, pero no los determinantes socialesos a su prevalencia y menos asociados al primer molar permanente, considerado por diferentes autores como llave de la oclusión. Objetivo: determinar la salud del primer molar permanente, relacionado con algunos determinantes sociales de la salud en escolares de 11 a 16 años de edad. Materiales y métodos: para ello se decidió realizar una investigación observacional descriptiva prospectiva y transversal con el objetivo de determinar la salud del primer molar permanente, relacionado con algunos determinantes sociales de la salud en escolares de 11 a 16 años de la Escuela Secundaria Básica “Fermín y Yolanda” del municipio Unión de Reyes de septiembre 2014 de a abril de 2015. Resultados: se encontró que la mayoría de los adolescentes eran del sexo femenino, y tenían entre 13 y 14 años de edad. La mayoría de las familias de los adolescentes eran disfuncionales. De las barreras para conductas saludables estudiadas, la que más incidió fue la ingestión de alimentos que expenden alrededor de la escuela con el 95,3%. Conclusiones: a pesar de estos resultados el 60,7% de los molares permanentes eran saludables(AU).

Introduction: the health-disease process depends on multiple and complex conditions and it is not only ruled by the acknowledged laws of the natural sciences. It also includes psychological, socioeconomic and environmental influences. These are considered health social determinants. The causal factors clinically producing caries are well identified, but the social determinants related with its prevalence are not, less those associated to the first permanent molar considered by several authors as the key of the occlusion. Aim: to determine first permanent molar health related with several health social determinants in students aged 11-16 years. Materials and methods: a cross-sectional, prospective, descriptive and observational research was carry out with the aim of determining the health of the first permanent molar that is related with several health social determinants in students aged 11-16 years of the Basic Secondary School (Junior High School in the United States) “Fermin y Yolanda”, of the municipality Unión de Reyes from September 2014 to April 2015. Outcomes: most of the teenagers were females ones, aged 13-14 years. Most of their families were dysfunctional. From the studied barriers for healthy behaviour, the one with more incidences was the intake of food sold near the school with 95.3 %. Conclusions: in spite of these results, 60.7 % of the permanent molars were healthy (AU).

Influencia de los determinantes sociales en la salud del primer molar permanente / Influence of the social determinants in the first permanent molar health

Introducción: el proceso salud enfermedad depende de múltiples y complejas condiciones y no se rige solamente por las leyes conocidas de las ciencias naturales, sino que abarca también influencias psicológicas, socioeconómicas y ambientales. Estas son consideradas determinantes sociales de salud. Los factores causales que clínicamente producen la caries están bien identificados, pero no los determinantes socialesos a su prevalencia y menos asociados al primer molar permanente, considerado por diferentes autores como llave de la oclusión. Objetivo: determinar la salud del primer molar permanente, relacionado con algunos determinantes sociales de la salud en escolares de 11 a 16 años de edad. Materiales y métodos: para ello se decidió realizar una investigación observacional descriptiva prospectiva y transversal con el objetivo de determinar la salud del primer molar permanente, relacionado con algunos determinantes sociales de la salud en escolares de 11 a 16 años de la Escuela Secundaria Básica “Fermín y Yolanda” del municipio Unión de Reyes de septiembre 2014 de a abril de 2015. Resultados: se encontró que la mayoría de los adolescentes eran del sexo femenino, y tenían entre 13 y 14 años de edad. La mayoría de las familias de los adolescentes eran disfuncionales. De las barreras para conductas saludables estudiadas, la que más incidió fue la ingestión de alimentos que expenden alrededor de la escuela con el 95,3%. Conclusiones: a pesar de estos resultados el 60,7% de los molares permanentes eran saludables(AU).

Introduction: the health-disease process depends on multiple and complex conditions and it is not only ruled by the acknowledged laws of the natural sciences. It also includes psychological, socioeconomic and environmental influences. These are considered health social determinants. The causal factors clinically producing caries are well identified, but the social determinants related with its prevalence are not, less those associated to the first permanent molar considered by several authors as the key of the occlusion. Aim: to determine first permanent molar health related with several health social determinants in students aged 11-16 years. Materials and methods: a cross-sectional, prospective, descriptive and observational research was carry out with the aim of determining the health of the first permanent molar that is related with several health social determinants in students aged 11-16 years of the Basic Secondary School (Junior High School in the United States) “Fermin y Yolanda”, of the municipality Unión de Reyes from September 2014 to April 2015. Outcomes: most of the teenagers were females ones, aged 13-14 years. Most of their families were dysfunctional. From the studied barriers for healthy behaviour, the one with more incidences was the intake of food sold near the school with 95.3 %. Conclusions: in spite of these results, 60.7 % of the permanent molars were healthy (AU).

Differences by gender at twelve months in a brief intervention trial among Mexican-origin young adults in the emergency department.

In this study, we investigate the role of gender in prevalence and consequences of binge drinking and brief intervention outcomes among Mexican-origin young adults aged 18-30 years at the U.S.-Mexico border. We conducted a secondary analysis, stratified by gender, from a randomized controlled trial of a brief motivational intervention in a hospital emergency department. Intervention effects for males included reductions in drinking frequency, binge drinking, and alcohol-related consequences. For females the intervention was associated with reduction in drinking frequency and binge drinking but did not have a significant effect on alcohol-related consequences. Results suggest a new direction for tailoring interventions to gender.

Community Prevention Coalition Context and Capacity Assessment: Comparing the United States and Mexico.

Effective planning for community health partnerships requires understanding how initial readiness-that is, contextual factors and capacity-influences implementation of activities and programs. This study compares the context and capacity of drug and violence prevention coalitions in Mexico to those in the United States. Measures of coalition context include community problems, community leadership style, and sense of community. Measures of coalition capacity include the existence of collaborative partnerships and coalition champions. The assessment was completed by 195 members of 9 coalitions in Mexico and 139 members of 7 coalitions in the United States. Psychometric analyses indicate the measures have moderate to strong internal consistency, along with good convergent and discriminant validity in both settings. Results indicate that members of Mexican coalitions perceive substantially more serious community problems, especially with respect to education, law enforcement, and access to alcohol and drugs. Compared to respondents in the United States, Mexican respondents perceive sense of community to be weaker and that prevention efforts are not as valued by the population where the coalitions are located. The Mexican coalitions appear to be operating in a substantially more challenging environment for the prevention of violence and substance use. Their ability to manage these challenges will likely play a large role in determining whether they are successful in their prevention efforts. The context and capacity assessment is a valuable tool that coalitions can use in order to identify and address initial barriers to success.

Brief Intervention in the Emergency Department Among Mexican-Origin Young Adults at the US-Mexico Border: Outcomes of a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial Using Promotores.

AIMS: A randomized controlled trial of brief intervention (BI), for drinking and related problems, using peer health promotion advocates (promotores), was conducted among at-risk and alcohol-dependent Mexican-origin young adult emergency department (ED) patients, aged 18-30. METHODS: Six hundred and ninety-eight patients were randomized to: screened only (n = 78), assessed (n = 310) and intervention (n = 310). Primary outcomes were at-risk drinking and Rapid Alcohol Problems Screen (RAPS4) scores. Secondary outcomes were drinking days per week, drinks per drinking day, maximum drinks in a day and negative consequences of drinking. RESULTS: At 3- and 12-month follow-up the intervention condition showed significantly lower values or trends on all outcome variables compared to the assessed condition, with the exception of the RAPS4 score; e.g. at-risk drinking days dropped from 2.9 to 1.7 at 3 months for the assessed condition and from 3.2 to 1.2 for the intervention condition. Using random effects modeling controlling for demographics and baseline values, the intervention condition showed significantly greater improvement in all consumption measures at 12 months, but not in the RAPS4 or negative consequences of drinking. Improvements in outcomes were significantly more evident for non-injured patients, those reporting drinking prior to the event, and those lower on risk taking disposition. CONCLUSIONS: At 12-month follow-up this study demonstrated significantly improved drinking outcomes for Mexican-origin young adults in the ED who received a BI delivered by promotores compared to those who did not. TRIAL REGISTER: ClinicalTrials.gov. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT02056535.

A qualitative exploration of perceived gender differences in methamphetamine use among women who use methamphetamine on the Mexico-U.S. border.

The purpose of this study is to extend the research on contextual factors that influence the initiation and continued use of methamphetamine (meth) by women on the U.S.-Mexico border. At present, a minimal body of literature exists that explores meth use on the Mexico-U.S. border. A purposeful sample of 20 women who were active meth users aged ≥18 years was recruited by trained outreach workers from a variety of meth-user networks in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, the city bordering El Paso, Texas. Respondents participated in in-depth, semi-structured interviews including questions on users' perceived familial, social, and environmental influences of meth use. Gender-based themes emerged from the analysis: (1) patterns of meth use; (2) places where drugs were used; (3) effects of relationship networks on meth use; (4) differential access to drugs; (5) trading sex for drugs; (6) perceived class differences; and (7) long-term drug use and its consequences. Respondents reported a preference for using meth as powder or pills as opposed to smoking or injecting the drug. They reported being introduced to meth by men they trust and relying on men for drug acquisition in spaces less accessible and more dangerous to women. They described how the drug changed their lifestyle and their behavior towards family members and friends, including instances of physical and psychological violence. Interventions for women on the Mexico-U.S. border should be developed based on users' social networks to target social processes to prevent initiation and to bring active meth users into treatment.

Navigator Approach to Improve Quality of Care for Vulnerable Populations in Mexico.

For nearly 30 years, Programa Compañeros Inc (Compañeros) has worked in Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico, to ensure that vulnerable populations can exercise their rights to receive HIV and substance abuse prevention and treatment services. Compañeros staff has worked to ameliorate the negative results that limit access to care to the most vulnerable individuals: those who are poor, homeless, sex workers, addicted, and others whose life context put them at greater risk for being infected with HIV. With support from the MAC AIDS Foundation, Compañeros has expanded its capacity to deliver services to persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) and to HIV-vulnerable populations. This short communication describes findings from an internal evaluation conducted to investigate the effectiveness of the MAC AIDS-funded navigator-based program implemented at Compañeros.

Readiness to Change and to Accept Help and Drinking Outcomes in Young Adults of Mexican Origin.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess whether readiness to change drinking (RCD) and readiness to accept help (RAH) improve short- and longer term drinking outcomes. METHOD: Data from a randomized controlled trial of screening and brief intervention (SBI) conducted in a U.S. emergency department at the U.S.-Mexico border are reported. A total of 620 at-risk and dependent Mexican-origin drinkers (56% male), ages 18-30, received either an assessment only or intervention (SBI). Drinking outcomes included drinking days per week, average and maximum drinks per drinking day, heavy drinking (5+ drinks) days per week, and negative consequences. Random effects longitudinal models predicted baseline, 3-month, and 12-month drinking outcomes from baseline RCD and RAH. Models tested if (a) outcomes were significantly reduced at follow-ups and (b) differential reduction occurred by RCD, RAH, and post-intervention changes in readiness among those receiving SBI. RESULTS: For both study groups, outcomes improved from baseline to each follow-up across RCD and RAH status. RCD was not associated with differential improvement in outcomes for either group. In the SBI group, those RAH reported larger reductions at 3 months in average and maximum quantity than those not RAH but did not differ from those not RAH at 12-month outcomes. Among the SBI group, changing from not ready to ready (RTC or RAH) post-intervention was not associated with greater reductions in drinking compared with remaining not ready or ready post-intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Baseline RCD is not associated with drinking outcomes. Baseline RAH may facilitate greater reductions in drinking for those receiving SBI and should be further examined as a possible mediator of SBI effects for young adults of Mexican origin.

Comportamiento de urgencias estomatológicas. Hospital Faustino Pérez. 2009 / Stomatologic emergencies behavior. Hospital Faustino Pérez. 2009

Introducción: las urgencias dentales, además de causar signos y síntomas, producen complicaciones que afectan la salud general de los pacientes, por lo que se requiere de atención priorizada, apoyo psicológico y maniobras no traumáticas. Objetivo: determinar el comportamiento de las urgencias estomatológicas. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal en la consulta de Estomatología del Hospital “Faustino Pérez” de Matanzas en el periodo marzo-diciembre del 2009. El universo estuvo constituido por 533 pacientes que asistieron a la consulta de Estomatología y que presentaron diferentes tipos de urgencias estomatológicas, los cuales se caracterizaron, según variables sociodemográficas y clínicas. Se realizó un interrogatorio minucioso y un examen bucal a cada paciente en el sillón dental y se confeccionó la historia clínica individual de Estomatología. Los datos se recopilaron de forma manual. Para su análisis se emplearon medidas de frecuencias absolutas y relativas. Se tuvo en cuenta el consentimiento informado. Resultados: el 59,5 % de los pacientes con urgencias estomatológicas correspondió al sexo masculino y fue el más representado, los pacientes de 35 a 59 años constituyeron el 32,5 % y predominaron los trabajadores. Conclusiones: el absceso dentoalveolar agudo fue la forma clínica más frecuente dentro de los trastornos pulpares y periapicales en el grupo de edad de 35 a 59 años y en el sexo femenino.

Background: stomatologic emergencies, in addition to causing signs and symptoms, produce complications affecting the patients’ general health status, so they require prioritized care, psychological support and no-traumatic actions. Aim: to determine the stomatologic emergencies behavior. Material and methods: we carried out a cross-sectional, descriptive, observational study in the Stomatologic consultation of the Hospital “Faustino Perez” of Matanzas in the period March-December 2009. The universe was formed by 533 patients who attended the Stomatologic consultation having different kinds of stomatologic emergencies that were characterized according to clinical and social variables. Each patient was carefully questioned; a buccal examination was carried out to each of them and the Stomatologic individual historical record was filled out. Data were compiled manually. For their analysis we used absolute and relative frequency measures. The informed consent was taken into account. Results: 59,5 % of the patients with stomatologic emergencies were male, the most represented gender. The patients aged 35-59 years were 32,5 %, and workers predominated. Conclusions: the acute dental alveolar abscess was the most frequent clinical form among the pulp and periapical disorders in the 35-59 years age group and in the female gender.

Comportamiento de urgencias estomatológicas, Hospital Faustino Pérez, 2009 / Stomatologic emergencies behavior, Hospital Faustino Pérez, 2009

Introducción: las urgencias dentales, además de causar signos y síntomas, producen complicaciones que afectan la salud general de los pacientes, por lo que se requiere de atención priorizada, apoyo psicológico y maniobras no traumáticas. Objetivo: determinar el comportamiento de las urgencias estomatológicas. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal en la consulta de Estomatología del Hospital “Faustino Pérez” de Matanzas en el periodo marzo-diciembre del 2009. El universo estuvo constituido por 533 pacientes que asistieron a la consulta de Estomatología y que presentaron diferentes tipos de urgencias estomatológicas, los cuales se caracterizaron, según variables sociodemográficas y clínicas. Se realizó un interrogatorio minucioso y un examen bucal a cada paciente en el sillón dental y se confeccionó la historia clínica individual de Estomatología. Los datos se recopilaron de forma manual. Para su análisis se emplearon medidas de frecuencias absolutas y relativas. Se tuvo en cuenta el consentimiento informado. Resultados: el 59,5 por ciento de los pacientes con urgencias estomatológicas correspondió al sexo masculino y fue el más representado, los pacientes de 35 a 59 años constituyeron el 32,5 por ciento y predominaron los trabajadores. Conclusiones: el absceso dentoalveolar agudo fue la forma clínica más frecuente dentro de los trastornos pulpares y periapicales en el grupo de edad de 35 a 59 años y en el sexo femenino(AU)

Background: stomatologic emergencies, in addition to causing signs and symptoms, produce complications affecting the patients general health status, so they require prioritized care, psychological support and no-traumatic actions. Aim: to determine the stomatologic emergencies behavior. Material and methods: we carried out a cross-sectional, descriptive, observational study in the Stomatologic consultation of the Hospital “Faustino Perez” of Matanzas in the period March-December 2009. The universe was formed by 533 patients who attended the Stomatologic consultation having different kinds of stomatologic emergencies that were characterized according to clinical and social variables. Each patient was carefully questioned; a buccal examination was carried out to each of them and the Stomatologic individual historical record was filled out. Data were compiled manually. For their analysis we used absolute and relative frequency measures. The informed consent was taken into account.Results: 59,5 percent of the patients with stomatologic emergencies were male, the most represented gender. The patients aged 35-59 years were 32,5 percent, and workers predominated. Conclusions: the acute dental alveolar abscess was the most frequent clinical form among the pulp and periapical disorders in the 35-59 years age group and in the female gender(AU)

Comportamiento de la gingivitis crónica en adolescentes de la Secundaria Básica Jesús Fernández, Santa Marta, Cárdenas / Behavior of chronic gingivitis in teenagers of Jesus Fernández High School, Santa Marta, Cárdenas

La gingivitis es la enfermedad periodontal más frecuente que afecta tanto a los adolescentes como a los pacientes adultos. Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo transversal con el objetivo de conocer la prevalencia de gingivitis en adolescentes entre 12 y 14 años de edad de la ESBU Jesús Fernández Rodríguez, del Consejo Popular Santa Marta, municipio Cárdenas, en el período comprendido de enero a julio de 2011. Los adolescentes fueron caracterizados según variables sociodemográficas y se identificaron los factores de riesgo presentes, así como el nivel de conocimientos sobre salud bucodental. Se encontró que los adolescentes de 14 años fueron los más afectados, dentro de ellos el sexo masculino. Entre los factores de riesgo más identificados estuvieron los contactos dentarios deficientes y el uso de aparatos ortodóncicos fijos. Al aplicarse la encuesta de conocimientos se obtuvo como resultado que el 51,1 por ciento fue evaluado de bien(AU)

Gingivitis is the most frequent periodontal disease affecting adolescent patients as much as adult ones. A cross-sectional, descriptive, observational study was carried out aimed to knowing gingivitis prevalence in teenagers aged 12-14 years assisting to Jesus Fernández Rodríguez High School of the Popular Council Santa Marta, Municipality of Cardenas, in the period from January to July 2011. Teenagers were characterized using socio-demographic variables and the existing risk factors were identified, and also the knowledge level on bucodental health. We found that teenagers aged 14 years were the most affected, and among them the male ones. Among the most commonly identified risk factors were deficient dental contacts and the use of fixed orthodontic devices. As the result of the knowledge inquiry, 51,1 percent of the teenagers was evaluated as good(AU)

La familia en el cuidado de la salud / Family in health care

La familia como conglomerado social constituye un grupo primario de fundamental importancia en la sociedad cubana. El propósito del estudio, fue actualizar aspectos relacionados con la familia desde el ámbito de las ciencias sociales y su importancia para el cuidado de la salud general y en particular la bucal. En los últimos años han aumentado las investigaciones referidas a los denominados "estudios de familia", cuyos resultados parciales se han divulgado en revistas científicas de gran alcance nacional. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en base de datos de la red Infomed como: Scielo, MEDLINE, Hinari, Pubmed y en la Biblioteca Virtual de Salud, teniendo en cuenta los artículos que tuvieran en algún campo las palabras claves: familia, salud, ciencia, tecnología. En esta investigación se fundamenta el criterio del papel importante que desempeña para proteger la salud integral de la familia.

Family as a social conglomerate is a primary group of main importance in Cuban society. The aim of this study was updating aspects related with family from the point of view of the social sciences and its importance for general health care, especially for buccal health care. In the last years, there has been a increase of research called “familiar research” and their partial results have been published in scientific journals of great national importance. We carried out a bibliographic review in Infomed databases like Scielo, MEDLINE, Hinari, Pubmed and Biblioteca Virtual de Salud, taking into account articles having in any field the following key words: family, health, science, technology. The criterion of the main role of the Cuban family in the protection of the integral health care of its members is based on this research.